<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Numerische Integration</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerische_Integration"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.math.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Numerische_Integration rootpage-Numerische_Integration skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Numerische Integration</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="centered" style="margin:1.5em; border:3px double #FFAA00; padding:1em; background:var(--background-color-base, #FFFFFF); color:var(--color-base, #202122); border-radius:1em;">
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td class="noresize noviewer skin-invert" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
</td>
<td>Dieser Artikel wurde auf der Qualitätssicherungsseite des Portals Mathematik eingetragen. Dies geschieht, um die Qualität der Artikel aus dem Themengebiet Mathematik auf ein akzeptables Niveau zu bringen.
<p>Bitte hilf mit, die Mängel dieses Artikels zu beseitigen, und beteilige dich bitte an der <b>Diskussion!</b> <small>(<span id="NeuerAbschnitt" class=""><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Mathematik/Qualit%C3%A4tssicherung&action=edit&section=new&preloadtitle=%5B%5BNumerische+Integration%5D%5D"><span title="Am Seitenende Abschnitt hinzufügen: Portal:Mathematik/Qualitätssicherung"><b>Artikel eintragen</b></span></a></span>)</small>
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<p>In der <a href="Numerische_Mathematik" title="Numerische Mathematik">numerischen Mathematik</a> bezeichnet man als <b>numerische Integration</b> (traditionell auch als <b>numerische Quadratur</b><sup id="cite_ref-SpektrumNumerischeIntegration_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpektrumNumerischeIntegration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bezeichnet) die näherungsweise Berechnung von <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integralen</a>.
</p><p>Die numerische Integration wird genutzt, wenn sich eine <a href="Stammfunktion" title="Stammfunktion">Stammfunktion</a> nicht durch <a href="Elementare_Funktion" title="Elementare Funktion">elementare Funktionen</a> ausdrücken lässt, die numerische Auswertung der Stammfunktion zu komplex ist oder
der <a href="Integrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrand">Integrand</a> nur diskret, etwa als Ergebnis von Messungen, vorliegt. Dazu wird das Integral einer Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> über dem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> dargestellt als Summe aus dem Wert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2c369af4dc5b034bde12b933bf38877bc7cd42e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.926ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> einer Näherungsformel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> (auch <b>Quadraturformel</b> genannt) und einem Fehlerwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d733654dab86d76c9ed9ba7f4473250dfea33d3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx=Q(f)+E(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx=Q(f)+E(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf03654f587c824a0727be3940a701a02848d198.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:26.868ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx=Q(f)+E(f)}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-SpektrumNumerischeIntegration_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpektrumNumerischeIntegration-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>Die Idee zur numerischen Berechnung von Integralen entlehnt sich direkt der Definition des <a href="Riemannsches_Integral" title="Riemannsches Integral">Riemannschen Integrals</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quadraturverfahren">Quadraturverfahren</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grafische_Verfahren">Grafische Verfahren</h3></div>
<p>Bei grafischen Verfahren wird der Graph des Integranden in ein Koordinatensystem mit linearen Achsen eingezeichnet und die Fläche zwischen Graph und Abszisse ermittelt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zählverfahren"><span id="Z.C3.A4hlverfahren"></span>Zählverfahren</h4></div>
<p>Ein besonders einfaches Verfahren besteht darin, den Graphen auf Millimeterpapier aufzuzeichnen und dann die Anzahl der von der Fläche S erfassten "Quadratmillimeterkästchen" (Flächenelemente) zu ermitteln. Hierbei werden Flächenelemente, durch die der Graphen durchgeht, nur halb gezählt. Die Näherung ergibt sich dann mit der Anzahl der Quadratmillimeter <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> und den Skalenteilen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3890eb866b6258d7a304fc34c70ee3fb3a81a70.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.266ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta x}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7caae142d915be8ef4d8c423bf91d1f6ea10e8e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.091ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta y}" loading="lazy"></span> zu:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx\approx N\mathrm {mm} ^{2}\cdot {\tfrac {\Delta x}{\mathrm {mm} }}\cdot {\tfrac {\Delta y}{\mathrm {mm} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mi>N</mi>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>y</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx\approx N\mathrm {mm} ^{2}\cdot {\tfrac {\Delta x}{\mathrm {mm} }}\cdot {\tfrac {\Delta y}{\mathrm {mm} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/08ad3cad097aa4b275ca3add7ce81aa8078961e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:31.733ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx\approx N\mathrm {mm} ^{2}\cdot {\tfrac {\Delta x}{\mathrm {mm} }}\cdot {\tfrac {\Delta y}{\mathrm {mm} }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Messung">Messung</h4></div>
<p>Ein weiteres grafisches Verfahren ist die Messung der Fläche mittels <a href="Planimeter" title="Planimeter">Planimeter</a>.
</p><p>Die Funktionskurve kann auch auf ein Flächenmaterial mit bekannter, gleichmäßiger Dichte und Stärke gezeichnet und die Fläche unter dieser Kurve ausgeschnitten werden. Ist das spezifische Gewicht des Materials bei gegebener Stärke bekannt kann das Integral über die Gewichtsmessung der ausgeschnittenen Fläche bestimmt werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berechnung_mittels_Quadraturformel">Berechnung mittels Quadraturformel</h3></div>
<p>Eine Quadraturformel besteht dabei im Allgemeinen aus einer gewichteten Summe von Funktionswerten
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q(f)=(x_{o}-x_{n})\sum _{i=0}^{n}w_{i}f(x_{i}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>o</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q(f)=(x_{o}-x_{n})\sum _{i=0}^{n}w_{i}f(x_{i}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5086fa9fbc3355f22122e293f9d62fe390e4fd97.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:30.039ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q(f)=(x_{o}-x_{n})\sum _{i=0}^{n}w_{i}f(x_{i}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Stellen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{0},\ldots ,x_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{0},\ldots ,x_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/67b6164003ad568582d3e60e82053f49ba6577c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.11ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{0},\ldots ,x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> heißen <a href="St%C3%BCtzstelle" title="Stützstelle">Stützstellen</a> und die Zahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{0},\ldots ,w_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{0},\ldots ,w_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33527ab364009db54c1c08485be05c3c974d8ae2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.779ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{0},\ldots ,w_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> Gewichte. Die Gewichte sind hierbei von den Abständen einer Stützstelle zu den benachbarten Stützstellen abhängig. Es existieren verschiedene Ansätze, wie Stützstellen und Gewichte so gewählt werden können, dass der Quadraturfehler <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d733654dab86d76c9ed9ba7f4473250dfea33d3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.864ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)}" loading="lazy"></span> möglichst klein wird.
</p><p>Eine Quadraturformel hat den <b>Genauigkeitsgrad</b> (oder auch Exaktheitsgrad) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn sie alle <a href="Polynomfunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynomfunktion">Polynomfunktionen</a> bis zum Höchstgrad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> exakt integriert, und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> die größtmögliche <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Zahl" title="Natürliche Zahl">natürliche Zahl</a> mit dieser Eigenschaft ist.
</p><p>Ebenso wie das Integral sind Quadraturformeln <a href="Linearer_Operator" title="Linearer Operator">lineare Operatoren</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpolatorische_Quadraturformel">Interpolatorische Quadraturformel</h2></div>
<p>Eine wichtige Klasse von Quadraturformeln ergibt sich durch die Idee, die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/202945cce41ecebb6f643f31d119c514bec7a074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.418ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> durch ein <a href="Polynominterpolation" title="Polynominterpolation">Interpolationspolynom</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{n}(x)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{n}(x)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a47cca302b556e703b68e2a12168117208f47ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.616ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{n}(x)}" loading="lazy"></span> vom Grad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> zu approximieren und dieses dann zu integrieren. Die Gewichte ergeben sich dann als die Integrale der <a href="Lagrange-Polynom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrange-Polynom">Lagrange-Polynome</a> zu den gegebenen Stützstellen. Nach Konstruktion haben diese Quadraturformeln mindestens den Genauigkeitsgrad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Quadraturformel lautet also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx\approx \int _{a}^{b}p_{n}(x)\,dx=(b-a)\sum _{i=0}^{n}w_{i}f(x_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx\approx \int _{a}^{b}p_{n}(x)\,dx=(b-a)\sum _{i=0}^{n}w_{i}f(x_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a46328c1835972cd7724a54c347f56ad9fac9b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:48.272ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx\approx \int _{a}^{b}p_{n}(x)\,dx=(b-a)\sum _{i=0}^{n}w_{i}f(x_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit den Gewichten
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {1}{b-a}}\int _{a}^{b}L_{i,n}(x)\,dx}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {1}{b-a}}\int _{a}^{b}L_{i,n}(x)\,dx}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2a3acd6753ff37a21dc984e1174105bee9c0adb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:25.54ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {1}{b-a}}\int _{a}^{b}L_{i,n}(x)\,dx}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und den Lagrange-Polynomen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{i,n}(x)={\frac {(x-x_{0})\dotsm (x-x_{i-1})(x-x_{i+1})\cdots (x-x_{n})}{(x_{i}-x_{0})\dotsm (x_{i}-x_{i-1})(x_{i}-x_{i+1})\dotsm (x_{i}-x_{n})}}=\prod _{j=0 \atop j\neq i}^{n}{\frac {x-x_{j}}{x_{i}-x_{j}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mrow>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>j</mi>
<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{i,n}(x)={\frac {(x-x_{0})\dotsm (x-x_{i-1})(x-x_{i+1})\cdots (x-x_{n})}{(x_{i}-x_{0})\dotsm (x_{i}-x_{i-1})(x_{i}-x_{i+1})\dotsm (x_{i}-x_{n})}}=\prod _{j=0 \atop j\neq i}^{n}{\frac {x-x_{j}}{x_{i}-x_{j}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d6835b7fc47d7249358200166054c22b9f260ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:72.903ex; height:8.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{i,n}(x)={\frac {(x-x_{0})\dotsm (x-x_{i-1})(x-x_{i+1})\cdots (x-x_{n})}{(x_{i}-x_{0})\dotsm (x_{i}-x_{i-1})(x_{i}-x_{i+1})\dotsm (x_{i}-x_{n})}}=\prod _{j=0 \atop j\neq i}^{n}{\frac {x-x_{j}}{x_{i}-x_{j}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Falls die Integrationsgrenzen Stützstellen sind, spricht man von abgeschlossenen Quadraturformeln, sonst von offenen.
Werden die Stützstellen äquidistant gewählt, so ergeben sich unter anderen die <a href="Newton-Cotes-Formeln" title="Newton-Cotes-Formeln">Newton-Cotes-Formeln</a>. Zu den abgeschlossenen Newton-Cotes-Formeln gehören die <a href="Sehnentrapezregel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sehnentrapezregel">Sehnentrapezregel</a> und die <a href="Simpsonregel" title="Simpsonregel">Simpsonregel</a>, zu den offenen gehört die <a href="Tangententrapezregel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangententrapezregel">Tangententrapezregel</a>. Die Newton-Cotes-Formeln für gerades <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> haben sogar den Genauigkeitsgrad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n+1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n+1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a135e65a42f2d73cccbfc4569523996ca0036f1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.398ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n+1}" loading="lazy"></span>. Zu den offenen Quadraturformeln gehören auch die <a href="Gau%C3%9F-Quadratur" title="Gauß-Quadratur">Gauß-Quadraturformeln</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fehlerabschätzung"><span id="Fehlerabsch.C3.A4tzung"></span>Fehlerabschätzung</h3></div>
<p>Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [c,d]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [c,d]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d85b3b21d6d891d97f85e263d394e3c90287586f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.55ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [c,d]}" loading="lazy"></span> sei das kleinste Intervall bezeichnet, das die Stützstellen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> und das Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> enthält. Ferner sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (n+1)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (n+1)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b30a29cfd35628469f9dbffea4804f5b422f3037.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.207ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (n+1)}" loading="lazy"></span>-mal stetig differenzierbar auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [c,d]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [c,d]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d85b3b21d6d891d97f85e263d394e3c90287586f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.55ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [c,d]}" loading="lazy"></span>. Gemäß der <a href="Interpolationsg%C3%BCte_des_Interpolationspolynoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpolationsgüte des Interpolationspolynoms">Interpolationsgüte des Interpolationspolynoms</a> gibt es ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi (x)\in [c,d]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi (x)\in [c,d]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0da8f90ca0b2f3c921b892495e322119a8f52d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.56ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi (x)\in [c,d]}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass gilt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(x)-p_{n}(x)={\frac {f^{(n+1)}(\xi (x))}{(n+1)!}}\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(x)-p_{n}(x)={\frac {f^{(n+1)}(\xi (x))}{(n+1)!}}\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24f6ebddf5b9c2835ae8013cd391d53ee6c88d05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:40.729ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(x)-p_{n}(x)={\frac {f^{(n+1)}(\xi (x))}{(n+1)!}}\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Durch Integration erhält man die Fehlerformel für die numerische Quadratur
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx-\int _{a}^{b}p_{n}(x)\,dx={\frac {1}{(n+1)!}}\int _{a}^{b}f^{(n+1)}(\xi (x))\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})\,dx}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msub>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx-\int _{a}^{b}p_{n}(x)\,dx={\frac {1}{(n+1)!}}\int _{a}^{b}f^{(n+1)}(\xi (x))\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})\,dx}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/534f5c2feeffaaf89e06940aa9c20f3e471ce082.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:76.449ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)=\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx-\int _{a}^{b}p_{n}(x)\,dx={\frac {1}{(n+1)!}}\int _{a}^{b}f^{(n+1)}(\xi (x))\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})\,dx}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f^{(n+1)}(x)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f^{(n+1)}(x)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3bae109fefc3e70f971cf1be445c87dfb73691d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.319ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f^{(n+1)}(x)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\in [c,d]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\in [c,d]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aef10ac7d23aac26f4cb71a2ad9745f574ca5af1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.721ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\in [c,d]}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt, ist der Quadraturfehler gleich 0. Da das für alle Polynome bis zum Grad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> der Fall ist, ist der Genauigkeitsgrad dieser Quadraturformeln mindestens <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Aus dieser Fehlerformel folgt die Fehlerabschätzung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |E(f)|\leq {\frac {1}{(n+1)!}}\ \max _{c\leq x\leq d}{\left|f^{(n+1)}(x)\right|}\int _{a}^{b}\left|\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})\right|\,dx}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">max</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |E(f)|\leq {\frac {1}{(n+1)!}}\ \max _{c\leq x\leq d}{\left|f^{(n+1)}(x)\right|}\int _{a}^{b}\left|\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})\right|\,dx}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0fb88775a4233bbb6dabc420f530709d06ff68f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:54.588ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |E(f)|\leq {\frac {1}{(n+1)!}}\ \max _{c\leq x\leq d}{\left|f^{(n+1)}(x)\right|}\int _{a}^{b}\left|\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})\right|\,dx}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Falls die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/77c13385debdaa8e48d034e9d51c3856686c4247.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:11.078ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})}" loading="lazy"></span> im Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> ihr <a href="Vorzeichen_(Zahl)" title="Vorzeichen (Zahl)">Vorzeichen</a> nicht wechselt, d. h. wenn keine Stützstelle im Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (a,b)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (a,b)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7e5710198f33b00695903460983021e75860e2c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.071ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (a,b)}" loading="lazy"></span> liegt, kann man mit Hilfe des <a href="Mittelwertsatz_der_Integralrechnung" title="Mittelwertsatz der Integralrechnung">Mittelwertsatzes der Integralrechnung</a> folgende Darstellung für das Restglied herleiten:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(f)={\frac {f^{(n+1)}(\zeta )}{(n+1)!}}\int _{a}^{b}\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})\,dx}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>d</mi>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(f)={\frac {f^{(n+1)}(\zeta )}{(n+1)!}}\int _{a}^{b}\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})\,dx}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1382642664e00240e3ad4731a811f5b83732006f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:35.808ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(f)={\frac {f^{(n+1)}(\zeta )}{(n+1)!}}\int _{a}^{b}\prod _{i=0}^{n}(x-x_{i})\,dx}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>mit einer Zwischenstelle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta \in [c,d]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta \in [c,d]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/00492f201eff1c3fa7019ce80a7e4fd75305ab76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.486ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta \in [c,d]}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Ähnliche Formeln für den Quadraturfehler erhält man auch bei speziellen Verteilungen der Stützstellen im Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span>, etwa für die Newton-Cotes-Formeln oder die Gauß-Quadraturformeln.
</p><p>Ist die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> nur stetig, so gelten obige Aussagen nicht, der Fehler kann sehr groß werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weitere_Quadraturformeln">Weitere Quadraturformeln</h2></div>
<p>Der Versuch, die Fehlerordnung der Quadraturformel zu minimieren, führt auf die <a href="Gau%C3%9F-Quadratur" title="Gauß-Quadratur">Gauß-Quadratur</a>. Diese nutzen die Theorie <a href="Orthogonale_Polynome" title="Orthogonale Polynome">orthogonaler Polynome</a>, um Formeln zu erhalten, die den Genauigkeitsgrad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2n-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2n-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb6ce8a02613283b1e60305814a1457335b44437.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.56ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2n-1}" loading="lazy"></span> haben, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> die Anzahl der genutzten Funktionsauswertungen ist.
</p><p>Um die Anzahl der Funktionsauswertungen zu minimieren, bei gleichzeitiger Möglichkeit den Fehler zu kontrollieren, verwendet man oft das <a href="Romberg-Integration" title="Romberg-Integration">Rombergsche Extrapolationsverfahren</a>. Hierbei werden die Integralwerte von immer kleiner werdenden 'Streifen' zu einer verschwindenden Streifenbreite hin extrapoliert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summierte_Quadraturformeln">Summierte Quadraturformeln</h2></div>
<p>Um das Integral noch besser anzunähern, unterteilt man das Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> in mehrere Teilintervalle, die nicht die gleiche Länge haben müssen. Mit einer der obigen Quadraturformeln berechnet man dann das Integral näherungsweise in jedem Teilintervall und addiert die Ergebnisse. Von besonderem Interesse sind hier adaptive Formeln, die ein Intervall weiter unterteilen, wenn in diesem Intervall der geschätzte Fehler oberhalb einer gegebenen Schranke liegt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monte-Carlo-Integration">Monte-Carlo-Integration</h2></div>
<p>Ein Verfahren, das nicht versucht, eine Näherungsformel für die zu integrierende Funktion heranzuziehen, ist die <a href="Monte-Carlo-Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte-Carlo-Integration">Monte-Carlo-Integration</a>. Anschaulich gesagt wird hierbei das Integral dadurch bestimmt, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> zufällige Punkte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5afdbc2d248d8fa9ba2c4f5188d946a0537e753.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.11ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> gleichverteilt im Integrationsintervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> (horizontal) erzeugt werden. Dann ergibt sich eine Näherung des Integrals als Durchschnitt der Funktionswerte dieser Stellen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{n}(f)={\frac {b-a}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}f(x_{i}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{n}(f)={\frac {b-a}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}f(x_{i}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cff0ec3591dc32535b16443b1b99367db2ef80a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:24.727ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{n}(f)={\frac {b-a}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}f(x_{i}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Vorteil ist die vergleichsweise einfache Implementierung sowie die relativ einfache Erweiterbarkeit auf Vielfachintegrale. Hier sind klassische Integrationsalgorithmen stark vom <a href="Fluch_der_Dimensionalit%C3%A4t#Numerische_Integration" title="Fluch der Dimensionalität">Fluch der Dimensionalität</a> betroffen und für hochdimensionale Probleme nicht mehr anwendbar.
Allerdings sind speziell hochdimensionale Integranden meist stark lokalisiert.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
In diesen Fällen erlauben insbesondere <a href="MCMC-Verfahren" title="MCMC-Verfahren">MCMC-Verfahren</a> die Erzeugung von Stichproben mit einer Verteilung die eine effiziente Berechnung solcher hochdimensionaler Integrale erlaubt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Hans R. Schwarz, Norbert Köckler: <i>Numerische Mathematik.</i> 6. Auflage, Teubner, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-519-42960-8</li>
<li><a href="Helmut_Bra%C3%9F" title="Helmut Braß">Helmut Braß</a>: <i>Quadraturverfahren </i>, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1977, ISBN 978-3525401422</li>
<li>H. Braß,K. Petras: <i>Quadrature Theory (Mathematical Surveys and Monographs)</i>, Published by American Mathematical Society (2011), ISBN 9780821853610</li>
<li><a href="Martin_Hermann_(Mathematiker)" title="Martin Hermann (Mathematiker)">Martin Hermann</a>: <i>Numerische Mathematik, Band 2: Analytische Probleme</i>. 4., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Walter de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin und Boston 2020. ISBN 978-3-11-065765-4.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Numeric_integration_graphs?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Graphen zur numerischen Integration</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://a-herzog.github.io/NumericalIntegration">Interaktive Berechnung und grafische Veranschaulichung der numerischen Integration beliebiger Funktion mit verschiedenen Quadraturverfahren</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-SpektrumNumerischeIntegration-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SpektrumNumerischeIntegration_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-SpektrumNumerischeIntegration_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:italic">Numerische Integration</cite>. In: Guido Walz (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">Lexikon der Mathematik</cite>. 1. Auflage. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Mannheim/Heidelberg 2000, ISBN 3-8274-0439-8.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Numerische+Integration&rft.atitle=Numerische+Integration&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Mathematik&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=1&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3827404398&rft.place=Mannheim%2FHeidelberg&rft.pub=Spektrum+Akademischer+Verlag" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="book"><a href="David_MacKay" title="David MacKay">David MacKay</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms</cite>. Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-64298-9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inference.org.uk/itprnn/book.pdf">Kapitel 4.4 Typicality & Kapitel 29.1</a> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/mackay/itila/book.html">cam.ac.uk</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Numerische+Integration&rft.atitle=Kapitel+4.4+Typicality+%26+Kapitel+29.1&rft.au=David%26%2332%3BMacKay&rft.btitle=Information+Theory%2C+Inference+and+Learning+Algorithms&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780521642989&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press" style="display:none"> </span></span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
<div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;">
<div>
Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172168-8">4172168-8</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85093246">sh85093246</a></span> | <a href="Web_NDL_Authorities" title="Web NDL Authorities">NDL</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlsh/00571772">00571772</a></span> </div>
</div></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-12-27" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Numerische_Integration&oldid=262762947">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>
</body></html>